Alan Greenberg, MD, MPH

Alan E. Greenberg is Professor and Chair of the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. He is also Professor in the Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine in the School of Medicine and Health Sciences.

• Phone: (202) 994-0612
• Fax: (202) 994-0082
• Email: aeg1@gwu.edu

Professor Greenberg, a graduate of GW's School of Medicine, returned to the University after a 23-year hiatus to become Chair of the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics in August 2005. Deeply committed to cross-cutting partnerships that advance the public health, he is developing numerous interdisciplinary initiatives among research, academic and community-based institutions in Washington DC.

Among recent activities, Dr. Greenberg is:

• Co-founder and co-director of the GW HIV/AIDS Institute, dedicated to linking and expanding the University's HIV-related research and educational activities in basic science, prevention, epidemiology, clinical care, education and health policy.
• Principal investigator of the "Academic-Public Health Partnership" between GW and the District of Columbia Department of Health. The partnership focuses on core HIV/AIDS surveillance activities, the CDC-funded National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, and monitoring and evaluating DC's HIV testing campaign.
• Principal investigator of a World Health Organization-sponsored project to develop a legal and policy framework to support "task-shifting" among health care workers to scale up HIV prevention, care and treatment services in the developing world
• Principal investigator of the newly developed GW-Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Partnership for Pediatric AIDS. Dr. Greenberg also serves as public health and senior technical advisor to the foundation's president and CEO.
• Principal investigator of GW's collaboration with the Association of Public Health Laboratories to develop the International Institute for Public Health Laboratory Management
• Senior strategic consultant to the World Health Organization's HIV/AIDS Department.

Prior to joining SPHHS, Dr. Greenberg spent two decades at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, where he provided scientific leadership for its domestic and international HIV epidemiologic research program. He served as chief of the agency's HIV Epidemiology Branch, supervising research studies in 28 U.S. states and nine countries. His assignments have taken him around the globe, including Cote d'Ivoire, where he spent four years directing the CDC's research, training and clinical services in West Africa.

Education

Doctor of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, 1982
Masters in Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 1999

Teaching

Dr. Greenberg is co-director of the new GW Graduate Certificate in HIV/AIDS Studies; course director of "Organizational Responses to the HIV/AIDS Epidemic" (to be offered spring 2008); and course co-director of the Skills Building Seminar, offered every fall and spring semester in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics.

Research

Dr. Greenberg has published extensively on the epidemiology and prevention of HIV/AIDS in the United States and Africa. His coauthored manuscripts include the results of clinical trials to prevent mother-to-child and sexual HIV transmission using antiretroviral therapies; the causes and prevention of morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected adults and children; HIV surveillance; HIV outbreak investigations; laboratory diagnostics; molecular epidemiology; and the relationships between sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria and HIV. Dr. Greenberg also serves on the editorial board as the journal AIDS. Please click here to download a list of Dr. Greenberg's selected publications.

Community Service

Professor Greenberg has received numerous awards, including the Outstanding Service Medal from the U.S. Public Health Service and the Secretary's Award for Distinguished Services from the Department of Health and Human Services. A board-certified internist, Dr. Greenberg currently serves as a voluntary HIV/AIDS physician at the infectious diseases clinic of the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Washington. He has chaired and participated in numerous NIH Review Panels and lectures frequently on domestic and international HIV/AIDS epidemiology.

Departments

• Epidemiology and Biostatistics

Publications

• Efficacy of a family-based, youth sexual risk prevention program for parents of African-American pre-adolescents. A randomized controlled design.
  Forehand R, Armistead L, Long N, Wyckoff SC, Kotchick BA, Whitaker D, Shaffer A, Greenberg AE, Murry V, Jackson LC, Kelly A, McNair L, Dittus PJ, Miller KS. Efficacy of a family-based, youth sexual risk prevention program for parents of African-American pre-adolescents. A randomized controlled design. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2007; in press.
• Reduction in injection risk behaviors among young injection drug users using a peer-education intervention.
  Garfein RS, Bailey S, Golub ET, Greenberg AE, Hagan H, Hanson DL, Hudson S, Kapadia F, Kerndt P, Latka M, Ouellet L, Purcell DW, Strathdee SA, Thiede H, Williams IT for the DUIT Study Team. Reduction in injection risk behaviors among young injection drug users using a peer-education intervention. AIDS 2007; in press.
• Demographic and behavioral contextual risk groups among men who have sex with men participating in a Phase III HIV vaccine efficacy trial: implications for HIV prevention and behavioral/biomedical intervention trials.
  Bartholow BN, Goli V, Ackers M, McLellan E, Gurwith M, Durham M, Greenberg AE. Demographic and behavioral contextual risk groups among men who have sex with men participating in a Phase III HIV vaccine efficacy trial: implications for HIV prevention and behavioral/biomedical intervention trials. JAIDS 2006, 43:594-602.
• Towards eliminating health disparities in HIV/AIDS – the importance of the minority investigator in addressing scientific gaps in Black and Latino communities.
  Fitzpatrick LK, Sutton M, Greenberg AE. Towards eliminating health disparities in HIV/AIDS – the importance of the minority investigator in addressing scientific gaps in Black and Latino communities. Journal of the National Medical Association 2006; 98:1906-1911.
• A case-control study of factors associated with HIV infection among black women.
  Forna FM, Fitzpatrick L, Adimora AA, McLellan-Lemal E, Leone P, Brooks, JT, Marks G, Greenberg AE. A case-control study of factors associated with HIV infection among black women. Journal of the National Medical Association 2006; 98:1798-1804.
• Evaluation of hypophosphatemia in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-exposed and TDF-unexposed HIV-infected outpatients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.
  Buchacz K, Brooks JT, Tong T, Moorman AC, Baker RK, Holmberg SD, Greenberg AE and the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators. Evaluation of hypophosphatemia in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-exposed and TDF-unexposed HIV-infected outpatients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Medicine 2006; 7:451-456.
• HIV transmission among male inmates in a state prison system
  Taussig J, Shouse RL, LaMarre M, Fitzpatrick L, McElroy P, Borkowf CB, MacGowan R, Margolis AD, Stratford D, McLellan-Lemal E, Robbins K, Heneine W, Greenberg AE, Sullivan P, Henderson Z, Jafa K. HIV transmission among male inmates in a state prison system --- Georgia, 1992 --2005. Morb Mortal Wkl Rep 2006; 55:421-6.
• Anti-retroviral prophylaxis with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate delayed but did not prevent simian human immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus macaques exposed to multiple rectal virus challenges.
  Subbarao S, Otten R, Ramos A, et al. Anti-retroviral prophylaxis with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate delayed but did not prevent simian human immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus macaques exposed to multiple rectal virus challenges. J Infect Dis 2006; 194 (7):904-11.
• Update and overview of practical epidemiologic aspects of HIV/AIDS among injection drug users in the United States.
  Santibanez SS, Garfein RL, Swartzenruber A, Purcell DW, Paxton LA, Greenberg AE. Update and overview of practical epidemiologic aspects of HIV/AIDS among injection drug users in the United States. J Urban Health 2006;1-15.
• Syphilis epidemics and HIV incidence among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States: implications for HIV prevention.
  Buchacz K, Greenberg AE, Onorato I, Janssen R. Syphilis epidemics and HIV incidence among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States: implications for HIV prevention. Sex Transm Dis. In press.
• CDC international HIV prevention research activities among injection drug users in Thailand and Russia.
  Greenberg AE, Tappero JT, Choopanya K et al. CDC international HIV prevention research activities among injection drug users in Thailand and Russia. J Urban Health 2005; 82:24-33.
• Trends in antiretroviral therapy use and survival rates for a large cohort of HIV-infected children and adolescents in the United States, 1989-2001.
  McConnell MS, Byers RH, Frederick T, Peters VB, Dominguez KL, Sukalac T, Greenberg AE, et al., and the Pediatric Spectrum of Disease Consortium. Trends in antiretroviral therapy use and survival rates for a large cohort of HIV-infected children and adolescents in the United States, 1989-2001. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005;38:488-94.
• Efficacy of a brief case management intervention to link recently diagnosed HIV-infected persons to care.
  Gardner LI, Metsch LR, Anderson-Mahoney P, Loughlin AM, del Rio C, Strathdee S, et al., and the Antiretroviral Treatment and Access Study (ARTAS) Study Group. Efficacy of a brief case management intervention to link recently diagnosed HIV-infected persons to care. AIDS 2005;19:423-31.
• Changes in HIV RNA viral load, CD4+ T-cell counts, and levels of immune activation markers associated with anti-tuberculosis therapy and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis among HIV-infected tuberculosis patients, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.
  Kalou M, Sassan-Morokro M, Abouya L, Bile C, Maurice C, Maran M, et al. Changes in HIV RNA viral load, CD4+ T-cell counts, and levels of immune activation markers associated with anti-tuberculosis therapy and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis among HIV-infected tuberculosis patients, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. J Med Virology 2005;75:202-8.
• Antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection-drug use, or other non-occupational exposure to HIV in the United States.
  Smith DK, Grohskopf LA, Black RJ, Auerbach JD, Veronese F, Struble KA, et al. Antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection-drug use, or other non-occupational exposure to HIV in the United States. Recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 2005;54(RR02):1-20.
• HIV transmission among black women - North Carolina 2004.
  Forna F, Leone P, Adimora A, Foust E, Williams D, Buie M, et al. HIV transmission among black women - North Carolina 2004. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 2005;54:89-94.
• Trends in rates of myocardial infarction among patients with HIV.
  Holmberg SD, Moorman AC, Greenberg AE. Trends in rates of myocardial infarction among patients with HIV. N Engl J Med 2004;350:730-2.
• Delivery of HIV prevention counseling by physicians at HIV medical care settings in four U.S. cities.
  Metsch LR, Pereyra M, del Rio C, Gardner LI, Duffus WA, Dickinson G, et al. Delivery of HIV prevention counseling by physicians at HIV medical care settings in four U.S. cities. Am J Public Health 2004;94:1186-92.
• Effect of an HIV counseling and testing program on AIDS-related knowledge and practices in tuberculosis clinics in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.
  Wiktor SZ, Abouya L, Angoran H, McFarland J, Sassan-Morokro M, Tossou O, et al. Effect of an HIV counseling and testing program on AIDS-related knowledge and practices in tuberculosis clinics in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004;8(4):445-50.
• Trends in primary and secondary syphilis and HIV infection in men who have sex with men -- San Francisco and Los Angeles, California, 1998-2002.
  Dilley JW, Klausner JD, McFarland W, Kellogg TA, Kohn R, Wong W, et al.  Trends in primary and secondary syphilis and HIV infection in men who have sex with men -- San Francisco and Los Angeles, California, 1998-2002. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 2004;53:575-8. 
• HIV transmission among young black college student and non-student men who have sex with men - North Carolina, 2003.
  Foust E, O'Dowd JO, Philip S, Gray P, Leone P, Hightow L, et al. HIV transmission among young black college student and non-student men who have sex with men - North Carolina, 2003. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 2004;53:731-4.
• Survival benefit of initiating antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected persons in different CD4+ cell strata
  Palella FJ Jr, Deloria-Knoll M, Chmiel JS, Moorman AC, Wood KC, Greenberg AE, Holmberg SD, and the HOPS Investigators. Survival benefit of initiating antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected persons in different CD4+ cell strata. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:620-6.
• Pregnancy in perinatally-infected adolescents and young adults - Puerto Rico, 2002.
  Zorilla C, Febo I, Ortiz I, Orengo JC, Miranda S, Santiago M, e al. Pregnancy in perinatally-infected adolescents and young adults - Puerto Rico, 2002. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 2003;52:149-51.
• Postnatal transmission of HIV-1 after a maternal short-course zidovudine peripartum regimen in West Africa.
  Leroy V, Karon JM, Alioum A, Ekpini ER, van de Perre P, Greenberg AE, et al. Postnatal transmission of HIV-1 after a maternal short-course zidovudine peripartum regimen in West Africa. Aids 2003;17(10):1493-501.
• HIV-1 viral load and other risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in a breastfeeding population in Cote d'Ivoire.
  Jamieson DJ, Sibailly TS, Sadek R, Roels TH, Ekpini ER, Boni-Ouattara E, et al. HIV-1 viral load and other risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in a breastfeeding population in Cote d'Ivoire. J Acquir Immune Defic Sydr 2003;34:430-6.
• Does prior short course nevirapine reduce the effectiveness of subsequent combination treatment with efavirenz?
  Fowler MG, Moorman A, Tong TC, Holmberg SD, Greenberg AE. Does prior short course nevirapine reduce the effectiveness of subsequent combination treatment with efavirenz? J Acquir Immune Defic Sydr 2003;34:348-50.
• Rates and risk factors for condition-specific hospitalizations in HIV-infected and uninfected women.
  Gardner LI, Klein RS, Szczech LA, Phelps RM, Tashima K, Rompalo AM, et al. Rates and risk factors for condition-specific hospitalizations in HIV-infected and uninfected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Sydr 2003;34:320-30.
• Increase in condom use and decline in HIV and sexually transmitted diseases among female sex workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, 1991-1998.
  Ghys PD, Diallo MO, Ettiegne-Traore V, Kale K, Tawil O, Carael M, et al. Increase in condom use and decline in HIV and sexually transmitted diseases among female sex workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, 1991-1998. Aids 2002;16(2):251-8.
• Role of traditional birth attendants in preventing perinatal transmission of HIV.
  Bulterys M, Fowler MG, Shaffer N, Tih PM, Greenberg AE, Karita E, et al. Role of traditional birth attendants in preventing perinatal transmission of HIV. BMJ 2002;324:222-5.
• 24-month efficacy of a short-course zidovudine regimen to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in West Africa: A pooled analysis of two randomized clinical trials.
  Leroy V, Karon JM, Alioum A, Ekpini ER, Meda N, Greenberg AE, et al., for the West Africa PMTCT Study Group. 24-month efficacy of a short-course zidovudine regimen to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in West Africa: A pooled analysis of two randomized clinical trials. AIDS 2002;16:631-4.
• A review of clinical trials to prevent mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in Africa and inform rational intervention strategies.
  Nolan ML, Greenberg AE, Fowler MG. A review of clinical trials to prevent mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in Africa and inform rational intervention strategies. AIDS 2002:16:1-9.
• Protease inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HIV-1.
  Holmberg SD, Moorman AC, Williamson JM, Tong TC, Ward DJ, Wood KC, et al., and the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators. Protease inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HIV-1. Lancet 2002;360:1747-8.
• Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load and CD4 cell counts, and lack of zidovudine resistance among pregnant women receiving short-course zidovudine.
  Ekpini RA, Nkengasong JN, Sibailly T, Maurice C, Adje C, Monga BB, et al. Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load and CD4 cell counts, and lack of zidovudine resistance among pregnant women receiving short-course zidovudine. AIDS 2002;16:625-30.
• Generation of a consensus sequence from prevalent and incident HIV-1 infections in West Africa to guide AIDS vaccine development.
  Ellenberger DL, Li B, Lupo LD, Owen SM, Nkengasong J, Kadio-Morokro MS, et al. Generation of a consensus sequence from prevalent and incident HIV-1 infections in West Africa to guide AIDS vaccine development. Virology 2002;302:155-63
• Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plasma virus load and markers of immune activation among HIV-infected female sex workers with sexually transmitted diseases in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.
  Nkengasong JN, Kestens L, Ghys PD, Koblavi-Deme S, Bile C, Kalou M, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plasma virus load and markers of immune activation among HIV-infected female sex workers with sexually transmitted diseases in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. J Infect Dis 2001;183(9):1405-8.
• Possible protective effect of HIV-2 against incident HIV-1 infection: review of available epidemiological and in vitro data
  Greenberg AE. Possible protective effect of HIV-2 against incident HIV-1 infection: review of available epidemiological and in vitro data. AIDS 2001;15(17):2319-21.
• Effect of interventions to control sexually transmitted disease on the incidence of HIV infection in female sex workers.
  Ghys PD, Diallo MO, Ettiegne-Traore V, Satten GA, Anoma CK, Maurice C, et al. Effect of interventions to control sexually transmitted disease on the incidence of HIV infection in female sex workers. Aids 2001;15(11):1421-31.
• Cervicovaginal anti-HIV antibodies in HIV-seronegative female sex workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.
  Ghys PD, Belec L, Diallo MO, Ettiegne-Traore V, Becquart P, Maurice C, et al. Cervicovaginal anti-HIV antibodies in HIV-seronegative female sex workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Aids 2000;14(16):2603-8.
• Distribution of HIV-1 subtypes among HIV-seropositive patients in the interior of Cote d'Ivoire.
  Nkengasong JN, Luo CC, Abouya L, Pieniazek D, Maurice C, Sassan-Morokro M, et al. Distribution of HIV-1 subtypes among HIV-seropositive patients in the interior of Cote d'Ivoire. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;23:430-6.
• Dual infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2: impact on HIV type 1 viral load and immune activation markers in HIV-seropositive female sex workers in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
  Nkengasong JN, Kestens L, Ghys PD, Koblavi-Deme S, Otten RA, Bile C, et al. Dual infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2: impact on HIV type 1 viral load and immune activation markers in HIV-seropositive female sex workers in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000;16:1371-8.
• Tuberculin skin testing to assess the occupational risk of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among health care workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.
  Kassim S, Zuber P, Wiktor SZ, Diomande FV, Coulibaly IM, Coulibaly D, et al. Tuberculin skin testing to assess the occupational risk of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among health care workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000;4:321-6.
• Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomized controlled trial.
  Wiktor SZ, Sassan-Morokro M, Grant AD, Abouya YL, Karon JM, Maurice C, et al. Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 1999;353:1469-75.
• Short course of oral zidovudine to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomized trial.
  Wiktor SZ, Ekpini ER, Karon JM, Nkengasong J, Maurice C, Sibailly ST, et al. Short course of oral zidovudine to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomized trial. Lancet 1999;353:781-5.
• The completeness of AIDS case reporting in New York City.
  Greenberg AE, Hindin R, Nicholas A, Bryan E, Thomas PA, and the New York City Department of Health AIDS Surveillance Unit. The completeness of AIDS case reporting in New York City. J Am Med Assoc 1993;269:2995-3001.
• Plasmodium falciparum malaria and perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus type I infection in Kinshasa, Zaire. A prospective longitudinal cohort study of 587 children.
  Greenberg AE, Nsa W, Ryder RW, Medi M, Nzeza M, Kitadi N, et al. Plasmodium falciparum malaria and perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus type I infection in Kinshasa, Zaire. A prospective longitudinal cohort study of 587 children. N Engl J Med 1991;325:105-9.