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Endocrinology
An Integrated Approach
Stephen
Nussey
1
and
Saffron
Whitehead
2
1
St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
2
St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited
1-85996-252-1
2001
© 2001
Taylor & Francis
endocrinology
Table of Contents
Preface
Book Information
Chapter 1 Principles of endocrinology
Functions of hormones and their regulation
Chemical signalling - endocrine, paracrine, autocrine and intracrine mechanisms
Chemical classification of hormones and their synthesis
Hormone synthesis
Transport of hormones in the circulation and their half-lives
Hormone receptors - cell surface
Hormone receptors - intracellular
Hormones and gene transcription
Hormone receptor regulation
Neuroendocrine interactions
Hormones and the immune system
Hormones, growth promotion and malignancy
Genes, mutations and endocrine function
Clinical evaluation of endocrine disorders
Chapter 2 The endocrine pancreas
Glucose turnover
Anabolic and catabolic phases of glucose metabolism
Actions of insulin and glucagon
Lipid metabolism - insulinopenia and diabetic ketosis
Protein metabolism and the anabolic actions of insulin
Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
Etiology of type 1 DM
Prevention of type 1 DM
Structure, synthesis and metabolism of insulin and glucagon
Anatomical features of pancreatic islets in relation to hormone secretion and its control
Control of insulin and glucagon secretion
Type 2 DM
Causes of DM
Genetic disorders of β-cell function
Counter-regulatory hormones and DM
Complications of DM
Macrovascular circulatory changes
Microvascular changes - diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy
Diabetes and the neuropathic foot
Diabetes and insulin resistance of pregnancy
Development of the pancreas: effects of DM on organogenesis
Treatment of DM - rationale and practical considerations
Hypoglycemia
Physiological responses to hypoglycemia and its treatment
Hypoglycemia and insulinoma
Hypoglycemia in infancy
Disorders of the α, γ and PP cells of the islets
Clinical case questions
Chapter 3 The thyroid gland
Iodine intake
Anatomical features of the thyroid gland
Iodine trapping and thyroid function
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
Actions of thyroid hormones
Control of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
Hyperthyroidism — Graves' disease
Surgical anatomy and embryology of the thyroid gland
Primary hypothyroidism — Hashimoto's disease and myxedema
Secondary hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism in infancy and childhood
Thyroid hormone resistance
Non-thyroid illness (‘sick euthyroid’ syndrome)
Transport and metabolism of thyroid hormones
Biochemical measurements of thyroid hormone status
Thyroid growth
Nodular thyroid disease
Thyroid cancer
Clinical case questions
Chapter 4 The adrenal gland
Specificity of the biological effects of adrenal steroid hormones
Cholesterol and steroid synthesis in the adrenal cortex
Anatomical and functional zonation in the adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoid receptors
Actions of glucocorticoids and clinical features of Cushing's syndrome
Adrenal cortical androgens
Hypothalamic control of adrenocortical steroid synthesis - CRH and vasopressin
Pituitary control of adrenocortical steroids - ACTH
Feedback control of glucocorticoids
Excess glucocorticoids: biochemical investigation of Cushing's syndrome
Measurements of cortisol in blood, urine and saliva
Dynamic tests of endocrine function
Imaging the adrenal gland
Treatment of Cushing's syndrome
Nelson's syndrome
Excess adrenal androgens - congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
Deficiency of adrenocortical secretions - Addison's disease
Aldosterone and the control of salt and water balance
Transport and metabolism of adrenocortical steroids
Selective mineralocorticoid excess and deficiency
The adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma
Catecholamine synthesis and secretion
Diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytomas
Clinical case questions
Chapter 5 The parathyroid glands and vitamin D
Calcium and phosphate in serum and its measurement
Intracellular calcium concentration
Calcium and phosphate balance
Hormonal control of serum Ca
2+
and P
i
concentrations
Sources, metabolism and transport of vitamin D
Classical actions of vitamin D on intestine and bone
Parathyroid glands and PTH synthesis
Control of PTH secretion
Actions of PTH
Hypercalcemia and primary hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
Hypercalcemia and vitamin D excess
Hypercalcemia and malignancy
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrp)
Treatment of hypercalcemia
Mutations of the Ca
2+
or PTH receptors
Hypocalcemia and its treatment
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Vitamin D deficiency
Non-classical actions of vitamin D
Vitamin D resistance and rickets
Hormones and the skeleton
Structure, formation and function of bone
Osteoporosis
Paget's disease (osteitis deformans)
Calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide
Clinical case questions
Chapter 6 The gonad
Genetic determination of sexual differentiation
Sexual differentiation of the gonads and internal reproductive tracts
Sexual differentiation of the external genitalia
Control of steroid production in the fetal gonads
Puberty
GnRH and the control of gonadotrophin synthesis and secretion
The gonadotrophins - LH and FSH - and their actions
Endocrine changes in puberty
Precocious sexual development
Delayed puberty
Premature adrenarche
Acne, hair growth and hirsutism
The breast - premature development, hypoplasia and gynecomastia
Testicular function
Control of testicular function
Transport, metabolism and actions of androgens
Spermatogenesis
Erection and ejaculation
Ovarian control and the menstrual cycle
Transport, metabolism and actions of ovarian steroids
The ovary - folliculogenesis and oogenesis
Non-steroidal factors in the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
Ovulation, menstruation and its problems
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Contraception
Infertility
Ovulation induction and assisted conception
Ovarian failure, the menopause and andropause
Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS)
Clinical case questions
Chapter 7 The pituitary gland
Anatomical and functional connections of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis
Embryology of the pituitary gland
Craniopharyngioma
Blood supply of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis
Sheehan's syndrome
Growth and somatotrophin deficiency
Growth hormone - secretory patterns and control
Actions of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors
GH replacement therapy
GH excess - gigantism and acromegaly
Pituitary adenomas - incidence and treatment
Prolactinomas
Prolactin and its control
Circadian rhythms and the suprachiasmatic nucleus
The pineal gland and melatonin
Autonomic functions of the hypothalamus
Obesity
The neural lobe of the pituitary gland - AVP and oxytocin
Clinical case questions
Chapter 8 Cardiovascular and renal endocrinology
Endocrinology of heart failure
Paracrine and autocrine regulation of blood pressure: the endocrinology of sepsis
Hormones and blood cell production - erythropoietin
Carcinoid
Clinical case questions
List of Figures
Copyright © 2001
Taylor & Francis
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